Risk Management Process and Strategies for Risk - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theRisk Management Process and Strategies for Risk Types. Answer: Introduction Risk can be any event that occurs unplanned and results into positive or negative impacts on a project. Risks result from uncertainties in outcome of project activities. In risks, there are possibilities of facing losses or undesirable outcomes. Uncertainty and risks are often used interchangeably but the two are somewhat different uncertainty is the case where possible outcomes of a situation are known but their probabilities of occurrence cannot be judged while in the case of risk , risk impacts can be quantified as well as their probabilities can be known. Risk may not always lead to a loss but it is an outcome which is unfavourable to the project in some way. This favourability is relative to what a stakeholder is expecting from the project as an outcome. Two stakeholders can have different views on the same risk. Thus, their objective are required to be integrated which presents complexities on projects. A project needs to have appropriate strategies in place to ensure that these risks are managed well otherwise, the gap between expectations and actual outcomes would keep on increasing on the project. There are several tools and strategies that are available for reducing risks but these strategies may differ from industry to industry. In a manufacturing unit set-up project, risks may be managed through the use of appropriate contract arrangements with equipment and machinery vendors. Risk management is the process using which the risks can be minimized any reducing its probability of occurrence and reducing the severity resulting from its of occurrence in least possible time. Risk management is an iterative process that involves cycles of three steps including risk identification, risk analysis, risk response, and risk control. Risk Sources Types There could be many sources of a project risk and the impacts of these risks can have infinite possibilities. However, there are certain sources of risks that are more frequently seen and thus, can be categorized as the primary sources of project risk. These include: Client Characteristics: There are certain factors related to clients that can affect the outcomes of the project such as nature of business, form of business, track record of the client on managing manufacturing development projects, availability of funding, modes of compensation, attitude towards professional services, and the history of litigation or claims. These characteristics are important as they help in identifying the risks that can occur on a project as well as defined the impacts of those risks on the project. In the current case, the client is the manufacturing organization that have sufficient funds available for establishment and has a clean record of paying companies that they outsource their services to. Project Nature: Certain project related factors such as relationships between program budget and schedule, project site, political profile, project type, and applicable laws or regulations, can also affect the types of risks and their impacts on a project. Professional Services: Many projects involve services from a third party companies including equipment suppliers, contraction contractors, and architects which makes the project dependent on the availability and experience of these third parties. Project delivery Method: Modes and methods of delivery of a project can be different with different types of projects. For instance, a construction project can be delivered through one general contractor handling all sub-contractors or through involvement of multiple prime contractors who would be delivering the project directly. Moreover, with the level of complexities and size of the project, the familiarity with the contractors and sub-contractors can vary which would affect the speed of approvals and construction. Others: There can also be other parties to contract or project that can affect the risk portfolio of a project based on their involvement and influence on the project. These parties can include employees, project team, regulatory bodies, public communities and more such internal and external stakeholders. For instance, in case of a manufacturing unit establishment is a design professional involved in a product development then the skill, experience, and the compensation offered to the contractors involved in factory set up and implementation of the manufacturing equipments would affect the wooden factory establishment. Risks can be mainly of two types that include endogenous and exogenous risks. Endogenous risks arise from the shocks within an organization while exogenous risks result from shocks received from outside the company(Danielsson, 2012). Exogenous factors can include marketing plans of an organization, its market reputation(Milhaud, 2012), Risk Assessment Once risk sources are identified, the risks that are likely to occur on a project can easily be identified and then, the next step is to assess these risks. This assessment involves understanding of the probability of the occurrence of the risk and the impact of the risk event on the project. Certain risks can have very low probability of occurrence but if they occur, they can be catastrophic in nature while some risks occurring more frequently can have very minor consequences that can be avoided on a project. Considering these two aspects, the severity of the risk can be determined by considering both the measures. A common method of facilitation for risk management is the use of risk matrix and filtering. It gives a sharper view of the risks faced a company by exploring a large set of risk scenarios that are complex in nature. The filtering breaks down risks into their sub-components such that they are individually evaluated to assess their contribution to the overall project risk. Risks are prioritized based on certain risk factors and criterias of evaluation and risk scores are calculated accordingly(SORNETTE, et al., 003). The steps followed in this method of risk assessment include: Defining risks and system scope: First step in any risk management practice involves identification of a risk question answer to which would make the goal for risk assessment. For instance, if the question is if the raw materials would be sufficiently available in the market to produce furnishing products as per the market demand, then the goal of the risk management would become assurance of appropriate selection of products for manufacturing that can be produced from the raw materials that are easily available with the suppliers that are nearby and in good quantities. The scope of the risk management practice and the system must be clearly defined at this stage such that the boundaries of project are clearly identified. Project teams can also narrow down on the scopes by using qualitative filtering techniques. For instance, a company can filter out products based on their level of returns such that products giving low returns because of less profit margins are ruled out. Defining Risk Topics: Once the risks and project scope are clearly identified, a cross-functional team on a project can go deeper down these risks to identify head topics and subtopics. Head topics are those risk factors that are directly connected to the risk question while subtopics are those factors that can impact the risk which is associated with the head topic. These topics can be seen as the sources of project risks and these are evaluated and given risk scores. The risk sources or topics in case of factory establishment projects are production plans, quality measures, regulatory requirements, raw materials, products, and industrial procedures. Sub-topics that can come under various risk sources include: Workcentres under production units, unit operations under workcentres, and process steps under operations. Product quality under quality measures, production quality under product quality, and process quality under production quality Furniture types under products, raw material mixes under furniture types, quality under raw material mixes While it is essential to identify risk sources, it is also important to identify who would be responsible for these risks which is an outcome of mutual discussions between key stakeholders. Trade-offs has to be made between the accuracy of these details and the resources including time and human capital. Depending on the nature of a situation, the level of detail required and the quantity of resources to be used can be decided. One way to identify required level of detail is by making a comparison between the risks at different levels of details with the need for resources for risk mitigation at these levels. The severity of risk would decide the level of efforts that must be put for managing or mitigating risks. Another factor that would play a key role in determining the level of detail to be obtained is the target time that would be consumed in the assessment of specific risk component(PQRI, 2015). Evaluation Criteria: Once risk categories are sufficiently identified, an evaluation criteria has to be established which must address the concerns of probability of occurrence and severity of a risk. This criteria should be able to bridge any gap that exists between various risk components and the risk questions. A question can be asked to do this such as How can we understand the contribution that this risk component gives to the overall project risk? In the stage of evaluation, a balance has to be created between the level of details and the level of efforts required. Most simple evaluation model identifies likelihood of the component causing harm to project and the severity of the impact caused. These evaluations are mostly subjective and thus, level of details is sacrificed for attaining simplicity and speed of decision. Another model uses these two criterias for evaluation by forming a risk matrix such that both probability of risk occurrence and its impact are related to the p otential project failures(Roy Brahma, 2012). For instance, in the case of check on the quality of products produced in the furniture manufacturing unit, a risk matrix can be prepared as shown below: Figure 1: Risk Matrix A more complex and detailed evaluation method is multi-factor evaluation in which a degree of objectivity is used along with the level of details for the assessment of project risks. This would involve multiple factors that can be used for evaluating risks at the same time with additional criterias defined adding to the overall justification of severity or probability of risk occurrence. This probability may relate to the capability of the risk component to detect a defect or deviation from normal. Some of the criterias that can be used for assessing risks in a manufacturing site include last occurrence of defect, strength of quality controls, adequacy of staffing levels, and ability of audit to detect a deviation. Scoring Models: After evaluation criteria are clearly defined, a scoring model can be developed including all the identified risk criteria to arrive at a single score for each risk(Smaga, 2014). This score can be calculated using multiplication or addition of the weightages of different criteria based on their importance. Some examples of scoring models include Risk matrix that reflects scores on either side of zero to represent low and high risks. Table A: Risk Assessment Assessment criteria Scoring Score Potential for harm to project -10 to +10 +6 Non-conformance level -3 to +3 -3 Ability to detect defects -5 to +5 +4 Staff adequacy levels -3 to +3 -2 +5 Multifactor multiplicative scoring which involves multiplication or divisions between individual scored to calculate the total score Table B: Multifactor multiplicative scoring Assessment criteria Scoring Score Potential for harm to company reputation 0 to 10 8 Non-conformance to quality level 0 to 3 2 Ability to detect defects in furnitures 0 to 5 4 Staff adequacy levels 0 to 3 1 15 Weighted scoring method gives a weightage to each criterion such that these scores are added or averaged to calculate the final score which is represented using percentages. Table C: Weighted scoring Assessment criteria Score Weight Weighted score Potential for harm to company reputation 8 50% 4 Non-conformance to quality level 2 20% 0.4 Ability to detect defects in furnitures 4 30% 1.2 Staff adequacy levels 1 10% 0.1 +5 Score for Risk Components: After deciding on the risk scoring model between the project team, scoring can start. Most often, the scoring model is first pilot tested and reviewed by stakeholders to get their buy-in and later team rules are developed through multiple scoring sessions that would lead to standardization. Subtopic Filtering: Risk matrix can also be narrowed down to the subtopics such as shown in the figure below where warehousing and plant maintenance are chosen two subtopics that are identified in the matrix as producing low risk while packaging, complaints, and product release are some of the subtopics posing high risk to the project. Figure 2: Risk Probability vs Severity Ranking and filtering can help develop reviews of project risks such that based on the cumulative scores of risk components, priorities can be defined for establishing control over those risks. For instance, a low cumulative score of risk can be respondent to with lower level of control and thus, would be given a lower priority as compared to high risk topics. In the current example of manufacturing unit risks, risk control can be enhanced for the high risk categories such as release and QC lab while it can be reduced for low risk categories like warehousing and maintenance. When control over the low risk categories is eliminating, it results into reduction of the scope of risk management. Also, elimination of the products that can lead to high risks can further reduce the project portfolio size. High focus on the high risk areas can also help in evaluating the mitigation options. Risk Review: The results can then be revaluated through the scoring model to identify best mitigation options. For this cross-system scores can be gathered on topics for evaluation for re-scoring. An operational feedback would further confirm if the risk control strategies are sufficiently addressing the risk question. The feedback would also ensure that assumptions about the residual risks hold true. Residual risks are those risks that remain even after the risk control procedures have been applied. In the process, new risks can also appear that may not have been identified earlier in the control measures in which case, the control measures have to be updated based on the feedback Risk Communication: The risk ranking and filtering output has to be communication sufficiently to decision makers who are authorized and a standard operating procedure has to be documented which would provide a way to implement the decided control measures. This can be useful not only in controlling specific project risks but also the portfolio of risks for enhancing control Project risk management strategies Risk management is not just about elimination of risks but it plays a more crucial role by strengthening the management practices which is fundamental to any organization. This could be a reason why organizations have started to give more value to the risk management practices. A 2011 survey conducted by McKinsey found that boards only take reviews and approve proposed risk management strategies as per 44% of the survey respondents. Only 14% of the respondents in the survey had observed companies using risk management practices or were having a complete knowledge of risks faced by an organization. Many directors still felt that the information they received through reviews was only short term. Different types of risks that can be identified on the manufacturing unit establishment project include financial risks, equipment risks, outsourcing risks, environmental risks, and safety or health related risks. For managing most risks, companies adopt a governance framework that provides some risk management principles, standards, codes, and incentives. Most times, risk governance falls into a state level or national level practice with codes defined by commissions for establishing an internal control over risks in an organization. COSO has a guidance published for risk assessment which gives guidance on certain risk related issues(Pasztor, 2011). International Organization for Standardization gives guidance on implementation of the risk management practice. ISO 31000 is a de facto standard used for risk management guidelines which has a variety of different methodologies and practices defined in it. One of the risk governance practices defined includes thematic peer reviews which are defined by a Financial Stability Board. . However, organizational heads still feel that there is a lack of guidance on risk management which is adequate for specific project purposes. There are certain gaps in frameworks and risk governance codes making it difficult for companies to create a strong risk management structure with effective appetite for risks. However, use of sound risk governance practices can still help companies regulate their project resources. The rules and agreements are defined for specific jurisdictions following specific laws such as company laws of Germany and Austria and stock exchange laws of Mexico. These governing laws mostly deal with the issues of project audits. Turnbull guidance is a specific audit guidance provided by UK government while risk governance guidance has been provided for the listed boards by the Corporate Governance council of Singapore (OECD, 2014). At the organizational level, there can be four strategies to respond to risks including ignorance of risk, transfer of risk to a third party, avoiding of risk and its mitigation(Alfiana, et al., 2016). Depending on the risk score, the severity of risk is assessed and appropriate response strategy is selected. For instance, in case of risks posing high severity, the risk is best avoided through appropriate control measures. There would be certain residual risks that would still occur despite all control measures taken and these risk impacts have to be mitigation by identifying appropriate method chosen from unlimited possibilities. Most endogenous risks can be avoided as the probabilities are better known while exogenous risks that occur because of external factors have to be respondent with a mitigation strategy or through transfer of the risk to the external party(Shogren Crocker, 2000). Conclusions The objective of this report was to explore how risk management practices are used in a manufacturing unit establishment project including the different steps involved such as risk definition, risk source identification, risk assessment, risk scoring, and risk management strategies development for risk minimization their risks. Some common risk sources were identified including client characteristics, project nature, professional services and project delivery methods. The exploration of risk management process lead to the discovery of some risk management steps that are used in organizations risk definition, risk topics identification, risk evaluation, scoring, subtopic filtering, risk review, and risk communication. The report also identified some scoring models such as risk matrix, multiplicative scoring, and weighted scoring. It was found that companies can use risk control strategies that are given priority based on risk score for avoiding the risks but there can still be some re sidual risks for which mitigation plan has to be made. References Alfiana, E., Sule, T., Sutisna Masyita, D., 2016. Impact Of Exogenous And Endogenous Risks On Systemic Risk In Indonesian Banking. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, pp. 77-82. Danielsson, J., 2012. Endogenous Risk , s.l.: Hyun Song Shin. Milhaud, X., 2012. Exogenous and endogenous risk factors management to predict surrender behaviours, s.l.: HAL. OECD, 2014. Risk Management and Corporate Governance, s.l.: OECD. Pasztor, J., 2011. Endogenous Risk and Dangers to Market Stability , s.l.: College of Financial Planning. PQRI, 2015. Risk Ranking and Filtering, s.l.: PQRI. Roy, S. K. Brahma, R., 2012. RISK MANAGEMENT IN PROJECT AN INSIGHT, s.l.: Nalco. Shogren, J. F. Crocker, T. D., 2000. Endogenous Risk and Environmental Policy, s.l.: Iowa State University. Smaga, P., 2014. The Concept of Systemic Risk , s.l.: LSE. SORNETTE, D. et al., 003. Endogenous versus exogenous dynamics and scaling laws in Cyber-risks , Zurich, Switzerland: ETH.

Using a Sample Emotional Essay to Teach Your Child How to Write For School

Using a Sample Emotional Essay to Teach Your Child How to Write For SchoolIf you are a parent and are going to be giving your child an essay for school then you should look at a sample emotional essay. You may be surprised by how much it can help you and your child on their essays.Writing this type of essay can be very useful for a lot of reasons. Some people don't know what they are doing when they start out on a piece of paper and really don't want to write. This is also true for students who do not know how to think of a good essay topic and what they want to say about it. However, it is very important that they have a good reason to begin writing and that they will be motivated to continue writing.Many times you will find that students have a strong opinion on a topic, but it can be hard to convince them to do the essay by writing an essay for school. It is very hard to get through an essay for school without coming across as really arguing with them or getting them to admit they are wrong.The goal is to use a sample emotional essay as a stepping stone to get through the essay for school process. You can make it easier on yourself and your child by doing this. By using this type of essay you can give your child the chance to show you their personality and express their feelings in the right way.Usually the best way to get children to write is by giving them a few choices. You can either give them all options and tell them which one you think would be best or you can have them choose two or three and then explain why they would prefer them. Of course, you should let them have at least one option.It is very important that when you give a child an emotional essay they want to do it. This is why if you give them one it has to be something they are motivated to write. If they just want to talk about it or comment on it then they won't even try because they feel like they are not trying hard enough.This means that the essay for school will not be as successful as you would like it to be. It is important that the child chooses to write and that they do so with a lot of determination. If you have a sense that they are not interested then you should be able to pull them into it more easily.It is also very important that when you give a child an emotional essay you need to be encouraging and supportive. You can use this to help your child to have a lot of confidence when they start writing. You can encourage them to express themselves and make sure they know you are there to help them through the process.

HIST 1301 CRN 15107 American History to 1877 Essays - Education

HIST 1301 CRN 15107 American History to 1877 Spring 2017 TR 9:30 to 11:00 Houston Community College Southwest-West Loop Campus, Room C252 Instructor: Dr. Rogan Ellen Brunet Email: [emailprotected] Website: http://learning.hccs.edu/faculty/rogan.brunet Office: C256, Phone: 7137182084 Course Description: History 1301 is a survey of United States history from Native American cultures to 1877. It will focus on the evolution of the economic, social/cultural and political institutions which define the development of the modern United States and its people. Although this course is built around historical events and processes, it is much more than a simple recitation of facts. Students will learn and apply critical thinking and problem-solving skills and will work with historical documents, maps and economic and demographic models. History 1301 is a 16 week, 48 contact hour course which fulfills three hours of the state-mandated six-hour history requirement. Completion of this class will also improve performance in reading, writing, critical thinking, communication, and computer skills. Prerequisites: Must be currently enrolled or have completed ENGL 1301. Learning Outcomes: a. To create an argument through the use of historical evidence b. The ability to analyze and interpret primary and secondary source documents c. The capability to analyze the effect of historical, social, political, economic, cultural and global forces on different eras of history d. To explain the importance of chronology and how earlier concepts and actions shaped later events STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES Discuss the Age of Exploration Explain Colonization Identify the causes and effects of the American Revolution Explain the origins and impact of slavery Analyze the formation of the Republic Summarize the effects of expansion and innovation Explain Nationalism and Sectionalism Discuss the Civil War Evaluate the effects of Reconstruction Texts: Recommended: America, A Narrative History, v. 1, brief 10th edition, George Tindall, David Shi Recommended: www.digitalhistory.uh.edu, Stephen Mintz (recommended) Required-Love and Hate in Jamestown, David A. Price Required-His Excellency: George Washington, Joseph Ellis Purchasing a textbook for this class is not required. If you want a textbook for this class, my recommendation is America, A Narrative History, v1. There is also an online textbook available at www.digitalhistory.uh.edu. This course is lecture intensive however and reading a textbook will not replace lecture notes. Any textbook should be used as a supplement to the information presented each day in class. This is a working syllabus and remains flexible. Please feel free to ask questions and remember that participation is crucial to your grade in this class. The instructor reserves the right to modify the syllabus at any time, with notification to the students. Discussion/Lecture Format Class: This class is both a standard lecture format and a discussion based class. Each class period, we (actually you) will discuss the written lecture assigned for that day or we will have a lecture. On the Course Calendar you will see that I have divided up our subjects by topics, not by chapters. This is because I do not follow any textbook; my lectures are my own. Every topic has a lecture that is available on my LW site. I will either lecture on the topic or you will discuss the lecture that you have read in advance. Your participation in the class discussion is noted. Students who participate in the day's discussion receive one participation point. Exams: There will be two exams in this course, a midterm and a final. Each exam will consist of twenty-five identifications and one essay and will be typed in the computer lab. A study guide to the exam will be given prior to the exam date. Each exam is worth 100 pts. No student will be admitted to the classroom twenty minutes after the exam has begun. It is assumed that all students will take all exams at the assigned times, unless you make arrangements to the contrary ahead of the scheduled exam time. Students will be required to put away all electronic devices, including cell phones, during exams. No blue book is required for your exams. Please be warned. I do NOT want to see my own lecture notes in ANY of the exams that you hand back to me. One, it counts as plagiarism. Two, this class is designed to develop YOUR critical thinking skills. If you need help, if you feel overwhelmed, if you feel that you cannot do this, come and talk to me. Do not, however, regurgitate the facts that I give you. They are to be used as a springboard for your own thoughts and opinions. Reading Assignments: There will be two monographs (books) that will be given in addition to your regular exams.

The Wage Gap essays

The Wage Gap essays Wage inequality has been extensively studied both by Schiller and Becker. These two theorists provide different theoretical explanations as to why there is a prevalent wage gap in society. Becker refers to rational choice as a cause of wage inequality, while Schiller believes the wage gap results from different societal discrimination's. Schiller suggests that wage inequality is rooted in discrimination in the labor market. The three types of discrimination that affect the wage gap are racial, class, and sex discrimination. Discrimination may lead to reduced opportunity and subsequent depressed incomes for certain Racial discrimination is prevalent at the lower ends of the labor market, which results in a concentrated representation of racial minorities in poverty. There are substantial gaps in rates of poverty across race, which could be attributed to discrimination. The gap in average incomes between whites and non-whites is $24,000, and unemployment rates for Whites, Hispanics and Blacks are approximately 4%, 6% and 8% respectively, Racial discrimination manifests itself in a few different ways. In non-market discrimination, differences in incomes are a result of differences in schooling. In past labor discrimination, previous discrimination results in minorities being less experienced, less skilled, and with lower seniority. Finally, there is also current discrimination in Schiller suggests that controlling for years of schooling reduces the gap in earnings, but there are fundamental differences in the quality of schooling received. The wage gap would diminish more if differences in the quality of schooling could be controlled for. Schiller claims that much of the evident disparity in earnings between races can be attributed to prior, non-market discrimination, and that most of the problems of inequality ...

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MODERN BUSINESS in Comparative Perspective (EXAM PREPARATION) - Essay Example This was happened between the 17th and 18th century In the late 17th century, the United Kingdom (UK) began the industrial revolution. Before industrialization, the people used to live in the rural area practicing farming. However, the countries had distinctive advantage in the manufacturing industry, especially in textile industry. Moreover, The development of the steam engine played important roles in ensuring an improvement in the banking industry. However, the UK banking industrywas lack of intermediation. In the early 18th century, the United States (US) began the industrial revolution. After the civil war, the US industry was changed drastically. The railroads distributed goods and products everywhere; therefore, the production level was increased. Before industrialization, the organizational structure was under hierarchy structure. However, when the population in the cities increased after revolution, the country was decreased between rich and poor. Moreover, increasing in US industries improved in the banking industry. The US banking industry supported many industries along with introducing the stock markets. Both early-industrialized countries focused on invention and innovation. The UK and US were creatively used in the textile and automotive industry with adequate support of the financial institutions where started growth of economies. Moreover, the manufacturing industries were set in these countries that marked the growth in the market share. Late or newly, industrialization refers to those countries whose level of economic development is between the developing and the first world classifications (Wyatt, 2009).  This means that these countries have moved from the agriculture based economy to the industrialized urban economy. Some of the countries that are industrialized include Germany, China, and Japan. The development of the railway network fastened the transportation of goods from one place to another. In addition,

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Writting- - Essay Example I was to sit and work from this part of the office. The organization where I started my internship deals in health care. They run about twelve health care homes where patients are admitted. Moreover, they also deal in providing medical equipment, like wheel chairs, and other medical supplies, including insulin and other medication to vendors, who, in turn, provide these to patients. My work involves conducting patient satisfaction surveys over the phone. I have to make calls to the patients and ask them various questions regarding their satisfaction; this includes asking them if the delivery of the medical equipment was timely and in working order. After each survey, I have to submit the findings to my supervisor who analyzes them and then puts the information into the database. I also have to arrange and organize the files of the patients who apply to the home health aid organization. This includes the files of the patients who get accepted to the homes as well as those whose applications are rejected by the organization. I have to arrange and sort through these files and ensure that the filing remains up to date. It is interesting work as not only do I work with filing, but I also interact with patients. This helps me to stay in touch with the people who are involved in the organization – I stay in contact with my colleagues as well as the patients who come to the organization. I feel more fulfilled at my work place because I believe that my job helps to improve the organization that has employed me; I am involved in gathering feedback from the patients with regard to the organization, and then handing it to my supervisor who makes sure that the information is noted down for any action that may be required. My internship, therefore, gives me a sense of accomplishment, and I am glad to be given this

Flexibility Principle Essay Example for Free

Flexibility Principle Essay Our 16th President Abraham Lincoln once said that slavery was a â€Å"Peculiar institution†. Long after that statement about slavery he would amend the the thirteenth amendment that abolished slavery. This amendment secured the blessing of liberty for the African Americans. The constitution is built on six basic principles; popular sovereignty, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, and Flexibility. Out of the six basic principles the constitution is made up of, the flexibility principle is one reason why I am not a slave in America today. Why is that? The flexibility principle allowed the constitution to change as the times and the conditions for the country changed. The flexibility principle best secures our blessings of Liberty to ourselves and Posterity. This is exemplified in the elastic clause, the amendment process, and the act of Judicial interpretation/review. The first example of how flexibility in our constitution secures the blessings of liberty of ourselves and our posterity is the elastic clause. Otherwise known as the necessary and proper act. U.S. Constitution article one section eight allows congress to pass laws that are necessary and proper with the change in time and condition for the country.The Legislative branch is affected by the elastic clause because the clause decides whether the law being made is necessary and proper for our country. For example, an act that would show the elastic clause would be the ADA or Americans with Disabilities Act. This act was passed in 1990. The ADA prohibited the discrimination of disable people. Before this act was passed, disabled people were denied their blessings of liberty and their posterity. This act was necessary and proper because the disabled people did not have the same liberty as able bodied people. The elastic clause allowed this act to secure the blessing of liberty for disabled people. The second example of how flexibility in our constitution secures the blessings of liberty of ourselves and our posterity is the amendment process. The amendment process allows congress to add to or change the constitution. An example of the amendment process would be the nineteenth amendment. The nineteenth amendment prohibited a U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote because of gender. Prior to this amendment women did not have the right to vote. With the principle of flexibility, the law was made by the Legislative branch which in essence secured the blessing of everyone’s liberty and posterity, not just men. The third and final example of how flexibility in our constitution secures the blessings of liberty of ourselves and our posterity is the Judicial interpretation or review. The Judicial interpretation decides whether what the government does is constitutional or unconstitutional. The Judicial interpretation is seen in the executive branch because the the executive branch implements laws that are created by the legislative branch. The first known use of the Judicial interpretation was during the Marbury v. Madison case. This case was the first decision by the supreme court to declare unconstitutional. The Judicial interpretation was the precedent set that gave the Judicial Branch the ability to declare laws unconstitutional. This secures our blessing of liberty of ourselves and our posterity. In conclusion, the abolition of slavery, the creation of women’s rights, and the passing of ADA were none of the things the framers of the constitution were actually planning on putting in the constitution. However, their wisdom allowed the constitution to be flexible enough to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, through the use of the elastic clause, the amendment process, and the act of Judicial interpretation or review.